Cy means that research into the immunobiology of aging is of increasing importance. Aging has a profound effect on the immune system, and the elderly are more susceptible to infections and cancer, as well as to certain autoimmune diseases, such as RA. RA is characterized by pathological features typical of immune dysfunction inJ Am Geriatr Soc. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 August 1.Lin
Cytokines, and through Ag presentation APCs trigger adaptive immune responses (Fig. 2). After their activation, T-cell clones expand and differentiate into cytotoxic CD8 T-cell effectors (CTLs) or CD4 T helper cells. CTLs can kill any cell targets expressing the class I/peptide complex that activated them without costimulation. Various CD4 helper T-cell effector types (e.g., Th1, Th2) are generate
Cytokines, and through Ag presentation APCs trigger adaptive immune responses (Fig. 2). After their activation, T-cell clones expand and differentiate into cytotoxic CD8 T-cell effectors (CTLs) or CD4 T helper cells. CTLs can kill any cell targets expressing the class I/peptide complex that activated them without costimulation. Various CD4 helper T-cell effector types (e.g., Th1, Th2) are generate
D FLS and they function as fibronectin receptors. Anti-1 integrin antibody partially inhibits attachment of RA FLS to bovine cartilage in vitro. Integrin engagement also modulates several intracellular signaling pathways relevant in RA, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and Ras. Importantly, integrin engagement with fibronectin-derived peptides induces expression of MMPs, indicat